Asymmetric Information for Quality Uncertainty - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAsymmetric Informationfor Quality Uncertainty. Answer: The Actual Problem The marketplace has goods of different quality. There are those products of high quality while others are of poor quality. Usually, the owners or the sellers of commodities have more information concerning the quality of goods they possess than the potential buyers. The potential purchasers are also aware that the vendors understand more about the quality of the product than they do. This information asymmetry results in the problem of quality uncertainty that significantly impedes market equilibrium and hence the market failure. The article makes use of used cars to demonstrate how the asymmetric information causes market failure. Since many critical mechanical parts and other components are concealed from the view and not easily reachable for scrutiny, it becomes difficult for the potential buyer of a used car to establish quality until after the acquisition. Thus, the purchasers best presumption is that the car is of average quality and will be prepared to pay the price of an average quality car. This situation indicates that the seller of never-abused, watchfully preserved and excellent used car will not find a sufficiently high price to make the selling of his or her car worthwhile(Akerlof, 1970). Such owners will withdraw their cars from the market thus reducing the average quality of automobiles in the marketplace making the purchasers to alter downward their outlook for any used vehicle. As a result, market failure takes place since there are sellers of high-quality vehicles who value their cars most in that they cannot give them out at a lower price. Both the owners and the buyers could benefit from the trade, but, regrettably, the purchasers lack of information hinders this reciprocally beneficial trade from happening. Asymmetric Information Asymmetric Information refers to a scenario where one party to market dealing has more material information compared to the other party(Arnold, 2013). This situation often manifest when the seller of a service or good possesses greater knowledge than the consumer. However, it is also possible that the consumer may have more information than the owner of a product. Therefore, asymmetric information exists due to information failure in some business or economic transactions. Several market transactions exist that avail a favorable environment for the existence of asymmetric information in the society. As a result, it becomes difficult for one to eliminate asymmetric information completely. For instance, the adverse selection that is often encountered in health insurance market is a result of information failure. The purchaser of health insurance cover comprehends more about his or her health than the insurance firms. Those individuals with concealed severe health issues have more incentive to take a medical insurance cover(Case, Fair, Oster, 2014). By doing so, they pass the burden to the insurance companies who are unable to determine the condition of their health precisely due to information failure. Moreover, the adverse selection resulting from information failure is also present in credit markets. The information uncertainty makes it difficult for the lending institutions to discern between the bad and good credit risks. Since it is only the borrower who knows whether or not he or she will repay the debt, the borrowers always take this advantage to rob the credit granting institutions. The Costs of Dishonesty The costs of dishonesty are those expenses that result from the misrepresentation of information in a market transaction either by the seller or the consumer. The consequence of such behavior does not only affect the parties to the economic transaction but the entire society(McTaggart, Findlay, Parkin, 2015). One of the costs of dishonesty in a transaction is that those legitimate businesses are eliminated from the market by dishonest dealings. There could be potential consumers of high-quality commodities and potential sellers of such products in the market. However, the presence of vendors who wish to sell a product of poor quality as a product of high quality distorts the expectation of buyers concerning goods in the market and therefore reduces their willingness to pay a high price for even good products. The owners of high-quality goods will withdraw them from the market and marketplace becomes dominated by products of poor quality(Akerlof, 1970). This situation demonstrates ma rket failure. A higher price is also another cost of dishonesty in a transaction. For example, the unhealthy individuals have higher tendencies of taking health insurance cover thus increasing the proportion of unhealthy persons in the pool of insured people. Since the unhealthy individuals often lie about their health conditions, the prices of the insurance policies reflect the overheads of sicker than the average consumers. In a nutshell, the prices of the policies will be higher to the extent that the healthy ones are discouraged from purchasing the insurance and even others drop the health cover because of their low risk of illness. This situation will increase the number of unhealthy individuals in the community as those who opt out the health insurance are likely to have substandard care when they fall sick. Therefore, it reaches a point where most individuals who take health cover are unhealthy. The insurance will now become exceedingly expensive, and in the extreme, the insurance enterpris es may discontinue selling the insurance. Furthermore, the entire economy is affected adversely by dishonesty in market transactions. For example, the inability to distinguish between the low and high-risk borrowers makes the lending institutions to hike the interest rates(Arnold, 2013). The interest rates are also driven up by the high demand for credit from low-quality borrowers. Therefore, the high costs of borrowing discourage potential high-quality borrowers a scenario that may reduce investments and consumption in the economy. Role of Insurance Uncertainty about the quality of the products purchased is a major issue in a market characterized by information failure. The purchasers often have concerns that the asset may cause them more money after the acquisition. However, in the presence of institutions that counteract the impact of quality uncertainty, then the adverse effects of information failure for consumer durables can be minimized. For example, the guarantees make the seller incur the expenses of repairing the purchased good for a specified period and thus eliminating the issue of quality uncertainty from the consumer. Bibliography Akerlof, G. A. (1970). Critically Review the paper entitled The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism . The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 488-500. Arnold, R. A. (2013). Economics. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Case, K. E., Fair, R. C., Oster, S. M. (2014). Principles of economics. Harlow, England: Pearson. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C. C., Parkin, M. (2015). Economics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson.

Agnon Judaism through Metaphors

Agnon Judaism through Metaphors Introduction Shmuel Yosef was a writer and a key figure in contemporary Jewish fiction. His writings tackle â€Å"conflicts in traditional living in Judaism, language, and contemporary world† (Balaban 420). As he said, religious books, viz. Talmud and Torah, mostly swayed the works of Agnon.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agnon: Judaism through Metaphors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He acquired the name â€Å"Agnon† from one of his stories influenced by the Jewish term Agunah that represents a woman that is not capable of remarrying after being refused a divorce or being abandoned by her husband. Some argument has been raised as to what could have led to Agnon choosing this name with some claiming that it is metaphorical to the abandonment of Israel by deity (Balaban 419-420). The metaphor as illustrated in Torah concerns the moment that Israel had turned away from God and God abandoned them for th eir disobedience. In many stories, ordinary themes of Jewish traditions are portrayed through journeys. This paper discusses the stories of Agnon and the manner in which they metaphorically signify and characterize the customs and traditions of Judaism. Agunot At the start of the story â€Å"Agunot†, Agnon employs the styles of symbolism and metaphor that act as a foundation of the ensuing plot. In stating that â€Å"a thread of grace is spun and drawn out of the deeds† (Yefet 440) and that â€Å"Holy One, blessed be He, in His glory, sits and weaves† (Yefet 440), it is insinuated that God intertwines a shawl of prayers that is woven from substances consisting of deeds of the Jewish people. Like the midrashic starting ends, the deeds of the Jewish people are structured in accordance with love. Out of the deeds of accomplished and pure love, God intertwines with the help of the threads (mercy and grace). The aforementioned metaphor comes up at the opening of the story. From the â€Å"Agunot† story, the author acquired his name â€Å"Agnon†. In this story, the author has altered the term â€Å"Agunah† from a law in Judaism to psychological status of being. In Judaism, â€Å"Agunah† denotes a woman that is married but has lost his husband (perhaps in battle or indifferent settings where he could be believed to have passed on). When the whereabouts of the husband s not identified, the wife turns out to be lawfully â€Å"attached†. The word â€Å"Agunah† is obtained from a Hebrew name â€Å"Ogen† that signifies â€Å"attached†. Therefore, the wife cannot be married again before being issued with a divorce by her husband. In this regard, the wife is in an indefinite state, caught up in two worlds.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the â€Å"Agunot†, the author chang es the lawful Agunah into a psychological Agunah, portraying multiple instances of personified souls destined to be terribly attached to their desire for things they cannot acquire. The real plot narrates the story of a rich person who arrives in Jerusalem to assist in the reconstruction of the city. The rich man by the name Sire had a daughter, whom he wanted to get married to Ezekiel. Being an intellectual, Ezekiel was offered a teaching job by the rich man (Yefet 439). For the function of constructing an impressive ark in the temple, Sire employed a famous artisan whose name was Ben-Uri. Ben-Uri was a dedicated craftsman, and he dedicates his entire efforts towards his inventive function of constructing the ark. During the construction of the ark, Ben-Uri starts to sing. At this point, Dina gets so much attracted to Ben-Uri. However, Ben-Uri pays no attention to Dina and dedicates all his concentration and zeal to his task of art until he is through with the construction of the a rk, placing it near a window. When Ben-Uri dozes off in a backyard when it is already dark, Dina gets interested in knowing why Ben-Uri has stopped singing. In her nightdress, Dina goes closer to where Ben-Uri had been working and finds the completed ark near a window. When she was admiring the complex and beautiful artistic work in which Ben-Uri had totally dedicated his time and efforts to, Dina is overcome by a swift satanic urge in the form of jealousy and she throws out the ark thru the window (Yefet 441). Ben-Uri is blamed of the act and is forced to leave Jerusalem, and instead of the ark he had made, a simple one was prepared. Overpowered by guilt prior to get married to Ezekiel, Dina opens up to the rabbi and disclosed that she damaged the ark that Ben-Uri had made. The rabbi termed it as an accident. Even if Dina got married to Ezekiel, their marriage was never consummated. Both Dina and Ezekiel sat in different corners in the bedroom reflecting on the different things tha t had earlier transpired. On the same night, Ezekiel decides to divorce Dina and flees from Jerusalem (Yefet 442). The story ends on a mystical instance with assumptions of where rabbi headed to after he also leaves Jerusalem. Some of the metaphors that ensue are in some names of the characters. Ben-Uri symbolizes the Bezalzel in the bible who constructed God’s Tabernacle. Ezekiel symbolizes the Ezekiel in the bible who was a prophet and Dina symbolized the Dina in the bible who is represented as a raped woman. He says, Our sages of blessed memory said that when a man puts his first wife away from him, the very altars weep, but here [with Ezekiel and Dina] the altars had dropped tears even as he took her to wife (Agnon 7)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agnon: Judaism through Metaphors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Kerchief In the story of â€Å"The Kerchief†, there comes up a boy as he moves th rough an entrance, when he starts to learn to join his childlike notions with the accountabilities of living in the world. While he lies in the bed of his dad, the boy gets a dream of the Christ, a magical realism (Agnon 8). He integrates his supernatural practicality of his juvenile and relates it to the function of mitzvot. As the boy grows up, his voice is augmented as the sounds of his parents diminish. His parents are reprieved, shifting to the backdrop as his real individuality, his desires and thoughts shift to the forefront. During his father’s absence, the boy would spend the nights in his bed and think of the likelihood of the return of Messiah. The Messiah as the boy believed, having intermingled with beggars, was immediately set to be identified as the Redeemer and King. In accordance with the boy, in the times that the Messiah would come back, his family could not have any distance separating them. Instead of journeys to work or to school, they would live togethe r, matching together in the courts of deity (Balaban 424). The boy could keep a record of the times of the absence of his dad by attempting a fresh loop in his fringes, after waking up every morning. The section outlined when the boy’s dad could come back from the fair is impressively gorgeous. This part carries the dream of the boy concerning his family, the value of closeness, and reverence, which are a radiance of light that grips the kids of a given family from cohort to cohort. The presents that the head of the family would bring home were valued, but temporary thus vanishing and lost after a moment (Balaban 425). Past the contentment of his riches, the storyteller is somewhat taken by a kerchief that his dad gave to his mum. The boy’s mum wears the scarf on different occasions. Nevertheless, during the Bar Mitzvah (an initiation rite in Judaism indicating 13 years of age of a Jewish lad and representing the start of religious accountability) of the boy, the mothe r ties it perfectly around the neck of the boy as a symbol of reputation. On the day of the ceremony, a beggar finds his way to the urban dwelling and he is avoided by everyone who gets near him. As the boy was on his way home, he meets the beggar and hands the exceptional kerchief to the beggar who uses it to cover his sores (Balaban 421-422). When the boy gets home, his mum immediately assures him that instead of a punishment for handing the kerchief to the beggar, he is applauded in joy for his lovely deed. In this regard, the existence of his parents, his dream concerning splendor of loving and lasting affection of his family get strongly achieved.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The digit 13 is metaphoric of a custom in Judaism. It is a number that illustrates a given maturity, a signpost of the maturity of a child. This number also symbolizes the traits of God, as earlier comprehended from a biblical perspective. Additionally, in Judaism, there exist 13 standards of faith. In the story of â€Å"The kerchief† the boys appears to make his parents contented with his deeds, illustrating the lines delineated for him, which is just the same way as a person could complete a written Torah (Balaban 423). The kerchief acquires a key and changing position in the attentiveness of the boy. The kerchief acts as the connection between the dad and mum and when the boy offers it to the beggar on the day of his Bar Mitzvah, the boy symbolizes Elijah, accomplishing a kind-hearted deed that could lead to redemption in the future. In this regard, the boy embraces both the greatest ambitions of human lessons and every one of the Godly qualities, a principle that symboliz es the best of traditions in Judaism stranded by tight traditions and kind family. Torah satisfies the Talmud. Additionally, the Talmud satisfies the scientific investigation and finally, the whole story makes the traits of a well-built person. From Lodging to Lodging The importance of this story heightens with the remembrance that Agnon initially shifted to Palestine in 1908 at the time of the second occurrence of mass migration to Palestine that took place from around 1904 until the World War I started. The aforementioned occurrence encompassed countless believers of Judaism that turned up not for the fact that they were idealists or Jewish backers of Zionism, but since riots and dire lack compelled them to (migration to Palestine was economical as compared to migration to America). The story commences with the narration of both winter and summer. The motives of sickness against those of well-being discussed at the beginning keep coming up throughout the story. The lodgings rent o ut in Tel Aviv are very close to the main bus terminus (Vais 31). The noise at the terminus keeps the narrator awake during nighttime with the sleepiness making him weary throughout the day, in such a great way that he could not actually benefit from being near the sea. Escalating the sense of sickness, the reader learns that the landlord had a kid who after being abandoned by his mum, eats dirt and is in a very pitiful state. The child cries through out the night. Even if flies could crawl over the wounds of the narrator, he was very tired to chase them away. The friends of the child’s father speak to him the way people speak to the ailing individuals. Moreover, they persistently tell him to move from one lodging to another, especially because he seemed to hate being kept awake throughout the night in Tel Aviv (Hagbi 90-95). The narrator states that Talmud’s teachings point out that individuals must never keep moving from one quarter to another, but his pals ignored h im and one of them searches new lodgings for him. The lodgings are not just new, but as well ideal. In this regard, they symbolize the dreams of a restored, healthy Israel and healthy individuals. In this story, the small house is positioned on a grassy hill away from the rowdy residents of the city and in the vineyards grown by the landlord. The portrayal of the house as well as nurturing of the land around it creates the metaphor of the resurgence of the land adored by the youthful Jewish innovators. The images of sickness and well-being keep occurring as the child’s father longs for the unique relaxation that he will experience when he gets into the house (Hoffman 147-148). Meanwhile, prior to his doing so, he generates an illness of his eyes and he is cautioned against touching the eyes to prevent them from turning out to be worse. Nevertheless, when he goes back to the lodgings in Tel Aviv, the boy, who has sick eyes and unclean fingers, keep on touching the eyes of his father even after being stopped. The representation of the illness strongly differs with the speaker’s finding when walks to the roads: I passed through the land and I saw that we had several more villages. Places that had produced only thistles and thorns had become like a garden of God. And like the land, so too the people were happy in their labors and rejoicing in building their land, their sons and daughters healthy and wholesome. Their hands were not soiled, and their eyes were not diseased (Agnon 18). The fable of the goat This story tells of an old man who falls sick and the sickness makes him get a severe and bad cough. As his treatment, the physicians prescribe the milk from a goat. The old man thus obtains a goat that demonstrates a queer pattern of conduct. Each day, the goat would disappear for a short time and come back with its udders filled with very sweet milk that calmed the cough. Puzzled by this queer conduct, the son to the old man is determined to unders tand this occurrence (Hagbi 127). The son to the old man ties the goat with a very long rope and stealthily follows her. When he followed the goat by the rope, the goat directed him to a very lengthy cave. The journey through the cave landed them to the land of Israel. Turning his eyes about the land, the son saw an attractive land that looked like the Garden of Eden. With the notice that he had reached the â€Å"promised land†, the son wrote a note to his dad directing him on the way to come after the goat on its way to this land. He attached this note at the ear of the goat as it started its journey back home. On seeing the goat without the company of his son, the old man assumed that the goat had led to the death of his son (Hagbi 129). He thereby reacted with wrath and killed the goat, only to find the note when the goat is already dead. This story ends on a sad note of disconnection of the father from his son as the cave strangely vanished with the death of the goat. The father thus forever remains in exile. The position of exile is represented as a sickness. A characteristic theme of exile from Israel in the bible as well as in the Jewish scriptures is a curse and reprimand. The affirmation of coughing from his heart rather than from his lungs symbolizes that the old man was not sick physically but psychologically (Hoffman 149-150). The reality that the milk carried by the goat originates from Israel and calms the coughing of the old man symbolizes Israel as a treatment to the psychological sickness of exile. The journey to Israel through the cave is symbolic of a spiritual walk to the Promised Land. In Hebrew, the word cord used to represent the rope tied to the goat has a pronunciation of ‘Meshicha† that calculatedly is pronounced almost the same as the Hebrew term for Messiah. To accept to have a grip on the cord â€Å"then your journey will be secure, and you will enter the Land of Israel† (Agnon 23) represents a real messia nic acceptance. Conclusion Shmuel Yosef was an author and a significant contributor in contemporary Jewish creative writing. As Yosef said, religious scriptures, Talmud and Torah, habitually influenced his writings. The stories of Agnon metaphorically signify and characterize the customs and traditions of Judaism. At the beginning of the story â€Å"Agunot†, Agnon utilizes metaphor that acts as a basis of the subsequent plot. It is from this story that the author gained his name â€Å"Agnon†. The figure 13 in â€Å"Kerchief† is metaphoric of a tradition in Judaism. The lodgings in â€Å"From Lodging to Lodging† are not merely new, but as well perfect, symbolizing the dreams of a reinstated, healthy Israel and healthy persons. In â€Å"The fable of the goat†, the journey to Israel via the cave is symbolic of a divine walk to the Promised Land. As evident in this paper, the writings of Agnon embark upon conflicts in traditional living in Judaism, lan guage and modern-day world. Agnon, Shmuel Y. A book that was lost and other stories, California: Schoken, 1995. Print. Balaban, Avraham. â€Å"A different reading of S. Y. Agnon’s story, â€Å"The kerchief.† Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 11.3 (2012): 419-425.  Print. Hagbi, Yaniv. Language, Absence, Play: Judaism and Superstructuralism in the Poetics of SY Agnon, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2009. Print. Hoffman, Anne. Language, Absence, Play: Judaism and Superstructuralism in the Poetics of SY Agnon. European Journal of Jewish Studies 5.1 (2011): 147-150. Print. Vais, Hilel. Agnon and Germany: The Presence of the German World in the Writings of SY Agnon, Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 2010. Print. Yefet, Karin. Unchaining the Agunot: Enlisting the Israeli Constitutional in the Service of Womens Marital Freedom. Yale Journal of Law Feminism 20.1 (2008): 439-442. Print.

Homemade Biodiesel Titration Test Procedure

Homemade Biodiesel Titration Test Procedure One hundred percent virgin or lightly used waste vegetable oil (WVO) requires 3.5 grams of lye per liter of oil to cause a biodiesel reaction. Heavily used oil can require significantly more, and must be tested to evaluate its acidity. Titration is a common method used to determine the appropriate amount of lye (base) needed for a particular batch of WVO. Titration Equipment: an electronic scale or beam balance2 beakers or jarsa graduated dropperlitmus test strips or electronic pH meterlyeisopropyl alcoholdistilled water Following are the steps to complete a titration test: Measure 1 gram of lye on a scale.Measure 1 liter of distilled water into a beaker.Thoroughly mix the gram of lye with the liter of water until it’s dissolved.Measure 10 milliliters of isopropyl alcohol into a separate beaker.Thoroughly mix 1 milliliter of used vegetable oil into the alcohol.With a graduated eyedropper, put a 1 milliliter drop of the lye/water mix into the oil/alcohol mix.Immediately check the pH level of the oil/alcohol mix with a piece of litmus paper or an electronic pH meter.Repeat step 7, keeping track of the number of drops used, until the oil/alcohol mix has reached a pH level of between 8 and 9normally no more than 4 drops.Calculate the amount of lye needed for the biodiesel reaction by adding 3.5 (amount of lye used for virgin oil) to the number of drops from step 7. For example: suppose a titration uses 3 drops of lye/water. Adding 3.0 plus 3.5 6.5. This hypothetical batch of oil requires 6.5 grams of lye per liter of oil.

The Person of Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Person of Christ - Essay Example a. Christ’s Deity There are many passages in the Bible that confirm that Jesus is divine. Here are a few examples:- In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God†¦And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen His glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth 2 No one has ever seen God; the only God, who is at the Father’s side, he has made him known3. Thomas answered him, â€Å"My Lord and my God!†4 Even though scripture clearly states the deity of Christ, these scriptures are often challenged. For instance there are those that believe that Jesus never called himself God and any verse that suggests so was written by His disciples in order to deify the man that significantly impacted their lives. There are some who believe that Jesus was only a great teacher of morality which would at best place him at per with other religious leaders.5 This notwithstanding, Jesus’ own underst anding of his deity can be seen in six primary ways. First is that he taught with divine authority 6 The difference with Jesus and the other religious teachers of his time like the Pharisees and Sadducees is that they had no authority when they presented their teaching. They derived their authority from earlier authorities.7 In fact, even Moses and all other prophets of the Old Testament sis not speak with their own authority but with the authority of the Lord. Jesus however, interprets the Old Testament thus: You have heard it said†¦but I say†¦8 it is this same authority that Jesus used to affirm himself as Lord and Judge who will reward the righteous and judge the wicked. The second view of Christ’s deity is his relationship with God the father. We see Jesus as a young boy seated in the temple discussing scripture with the teachers of the law. His parents went over looking for him and when they finally found him, his answer to their question on why he wandered fro m them was, Why were you looking for me? Did you not know that I must be in my Father’s house?9(Luke 2:49) Jesus referred to God as His father in many other places in scripture and this assertion may be considered a radical assertion but it is also a good proof of his deity. In fact, such an assertion was not a very common thing in Jewish literature and it made him unique from other Jewish leaders both past and present. The third illustration is the phrase â€Å"son of man† which Jesus used over and over again to refer to himself. Even though the phrase might simply mean a son of a human being, Bible scholars believe he was using it in reference to the son of man described in Daniel 7 who was to be a ruler of the whole world. 10 There are many instances in Scripture in which Jesus affirmed himself as the messianic son of man. For instance, he stated that he had authority to forgive sin and he even did what was considered by experts of the law as work on the Sabbath by healing the paralytic man. Fourthly, Jesus taught many things that emphasised on his real identity. He taught about the kingdom of God in which he was a son. He taught on how he was around even before Abraham was. His emphasis on his identity can easily be seen in the question he asked

Cyber Worlds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cyber Worlds - Essay Example People have different arguments on this controversial issue some considering it as worthwhile while others viewing it as not safe and cost ineffective. Most people view prisoners as outcasts in the community and argue that they should not be treated well. Most countries do not allow inmates to have access to the internet arguing that it insecure and that they will not feel the pain of the sentence. They also say that access to internet may lead to them planning their way out since they can plan with people from outside. Denying inmates the chance to access the internet could also create more time for them to carry out other activities. Removing the family ties by no access to internet could also help them reform by feeling the pain that comes with being away from their families. Most prisons work under a tight budget and therefore removing the cost due to internet access could save much in the end. Prisons without internet access have been ranked top in terms of discipline in the prison and discipline of the prisoners in the outside world after the jail term is over. Internet tends to destroy morals of people in general and prisoners are not an exception. Therefore lack of access to internet reduces the chances of moral destruction .access to internet could also give inmates a chance to smuggle drugs by contacting the sellers of drugs. Access to the internet could also lead to the inmates keeping up with the criminal activities that are being incarcerated. Inmates have also been found taunting their victims through social media and lack of internet access could eliminate this. However, the disadvantages of denying internet access to inmates are very insignificant as compared to the advantages that it comes with. Inmates are human beings and they deserve to be treated like the rest of citizens (Bowden ,4).Prisons should be viewed as rehabilitation centers rather than centres of punishment. They should be

Environmental Issues Facing The World

Environmental Issues Facing The World A tremendous power of nature includes floods, disasters, storms, rising sea level, etc. Climate change is changing the image of our planet. Vagaries of weather are not unusual; they are becoming the norm in todays reality. The ice is melting on the planet, and it changes everything. Everyone who closely follows scientific news has no shortage of evidences of global warming. So, we are going to prove the thesis that global warming is the most pressing environmental problem facing the world today because it threatens the planet with major environmental disasters and no one can remain indifferent to the countless victims of these disasters. To start, we need to mention that the concept of global warming, being one of the most discussable issues in our society, is also considered to be a tremendous challenge to the whole humanity. To date, Paterson (1996) declared that the global scientific community has received the irrefutable proofs of the secular trend of global warming, and these proofs serve as an indicator of climate changes on the Earth. According to Cline (2007), the surface temperature of the atmosphere has increased by 0, 74  °C over the past century. And this fact brightly demonstrates the necessity to look at the problem more attentively for the purpose to develop some measures to improve a situation. Moreover, we see climate changes every day, and an appeal Stop Global Warming! looks like a part of modern life. According to the opinion of thousands of climate scientists presented in Allens, Seamans Delascios (2009) book, global warming is not only one of the greatest problems facing humanity in our century, but it is also a great challenge to politics and science. Both categories are sure that environmental problems are so important that it is time to look at them attentively, and to stop destroy nature because it may destroy us in one day. Of course, according to Cheryl DeFries (1992), there exist many supporters of the position that global warming is a fiction, but the nature is not interested in our discussions and thoughts, and ice continues to melt. So, taking into account the fact that global warming is one of the most complicated items, we can also look through a solid argument in defense of the position that global warming is not a valid threat to the earth, and we are going to do it for the purpose to demonstrate the arguments invalidation. For instance, one group of scientists still do not recognize the fact of warming and prefer to talk about it as a plausible hypothesis that needs to be carefully scrutinized because of the complexity of the analysis of global temperature changes. Yet the amount of different evidences becomes more visible and frightening every year. To continue, another group of scientists are sure that global warming is just a myth, but even having such a position, they continue to struggle against an increase of industrial garbage in human activities that harm our environment. There are no doubts that all forecasts are different, and it would be wrong to believe in those which promise the destruction of our planet in several decades, but it is always necessary to remember that the future of humanity is in our hands, and not to believe in some disasters is not the same what we understand under the concept to stay calm and do nothing. So, on the one hand, we have many obvious reasons to worry about the future. Scientists see many signs that global warming is progressing; while on the other hand, contemporary situation is not so hopeless, and a great deal of facts about the global catastrophe that is threatening Earth proved to be just gossips. Thinking about consequences of global warming, Weart (2003) stated that widespread phenomena, such as rising sea levels, melting glaciers and polar ice sheets (particularly in the Arctic), the reduction of snow and ice covered areas of the earths surface, the increase in rainfall in some regions (the eastern part of North and South America, Northern Europe, North and Central Asia ) and a decrease in others, the expansion arid zones (Africa, South Asia, part), more frequent tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic, etc. are connected with the concept of global warming. Both concepts such as the global warming and climate change affect the condition of many natural ecosystems in negative ways, and thus, they have an impact on climate conditions in the biosphere as a whole, while the biosphere influences on human existence. Being more specific, we need to state that the list of the main greenhouse gases which are responsible for global warming includes carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), the latter of which is a secondary product of aluminum smelting and the most potent of the greenhouse gases. However, Vaschà © (2009) said that the main greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, and 80% of its anthropogenic entrance into the atmosphere is associated with the combustion of fossil fuels. So, global warming, as it was proven by the latest research, is caused by human activities. Awareness of the seriousness of this situation gradually penetrates into the world public opinion. And the problem becomes to be possessed by the worlds attention. The media and politicians are more increasingly discuss the global warming. Moreover, a big amount of scientific researches and documentaries describe the challenges of global climate change in a full measure. Thus, it is still possible to mitigate the negative consequences, avoiding the worst. Observing the actions to stop global warming, it is possible to claim that the main solution lies in the surface of rational use of energy resources. This means the implementation of measures aimed at reducing the consumption of fossil fuels for heating, domestic hot water, industrial production and improving the efficiency of transport. Another category of effective measures to protect the environment and address the problem of global warming is the use of renewable energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, biofuel, etc.). To add, according to Harris (2003), the scientific community has offered specific recommendations to governments of different states, but the question is whether politics are going to listen to the recommendations of scientists. According to Gore (2009), many political debates are still focused on reducing carbon emissions, but there are many other ways to fix the worlds climate. For instance, there exists an interesting method for atmospheric control. Solar radiation management delivers best hopes. Atmospheric greenhouse gases allow sunlight to pass, but they absorb heat and diffuse near the surface of the earth. Preserving other conditions, their higher concentrations will lead to an increase in temperature. Solar radiation management would return the sunlight into the space. So, reflection of only 1-2% of the total amount of sunlight that reaches the surface of the planet will offset the effects of a doubling of pre-industrial warming corresponding to the level of greenhouse gas emissions. Another perspective direction is seen in whitening of marine clouds by dispersion of droplets in marine clouds to reflect more sunlight. This enhances the natural process by which the salt from ocean water forms a steam with nuclei of condensation which is the base of the formation of clouds. In such a way, observing the above mentioned variations, we can say that many of the risks of climate control have been overstated. Moreover, it is a fact that whitening of marine clouds will not lead to permanent atmospheric changes and can be used only in a case of a hot necessity because conversion of sea water into the clouds is a natural process. Meanwhile, the biggest difficulty is public interpretation. Ruddiman (2005) mentioned that many environmental lobbyists oppose even the study of the climate control. This is surprising, taking into account all the possible benefits. If we most care about the measures to avoid rising of the temperature, it seems we should rejoice that this simple and profitable approach gives so much hope. In conclusion, we have observed the issue of global warming from different perspectives, and proved the thesis that global warming really threatens the planet with major environmental disasters, while everything of this was caused by negative and destructive human activities, which even now resulted in human victims. To add, we have also discussed positions of some scientists which consider global warming a myth, and proved that even they afraid of possible climate problems in future. Moreover, we have also showed that climate control is a spare variation to be used in a case of necessity, or we could turn it on todays agenda. In any case, there are good reasons to consider it. We are on the way to become the generation that has spent decades in the debate on reducing carbon emissions and failed to stop the harmful effects of warming. So, it will be a shameful legacy, which could be avoided by reviewing climate policy, and humanity suppose to provide some improvements in the way of l iving because it is never late to start living in harmony with our small blue house.

Miss fortune in My New School Story

Misfortune in my new school Arshia Amali I woke up by the blue jays singing by the tree beside my bedroom window. I got dressed in my blue jeans and my Adidas sweater. As I went downstairs my mom had a big breakfast set out on the round table. I sat down and as I started gobbling down the pancakes my brother joined us. We cleaned off the table and I took my backpack and put on my jacket to go out for school. My brother ‘Matt’ following right behind me.I and he decided to take the shortcut we found during summer break when we went biking, instead of the actual way through the streets. It had already started to snow in September and the shortcut through the pond was slippery, but we scrambled through it. As we made our way near the school, we saw some of the kids we saw when we went biking hanging out by the timeworn school sign. I guess my brother didn’t really want to enter school with me because he scurried off to a friend he met at a band competition during the break.I didn’t really find any friends during the break, except this kid named Jack who was my neighbour, but the problem with him was that he was one of the fattest kid I have seen, and all he would want to do was stay home and watch this TV show about a loser who always got beaten up. I stayed away from him all summer but I guess I shouldn’t have, because now I have to enter the school all by my self not knowing where to go or not knowing anything about the school. At least the school entrance looked warm hearted. I made way up the aged stairs of the school.I opened the door to the school and felt a warm breeze of air through my body. It didn’t look too bad like I imagined. To my left a bunch of kids were by the classroom talking to one of the teachers and to my right some kids all had their heads in one locker looking at something. I decided to go up to the administration desk and ask for my class list. The women behind the computer gave me the piece of paper with my classroom numbers. Since I didn’t know anyone, I decided to go to my class and get a bit familiar to the teacher. The classroom door was open so I decide to take a sneak at it.There was no teacher inside and so were no students. I guess no one was new to the school and had someone to hang out with. So I decide to stay in the class and read one of the books I still didn’t finish from last year until the bell ring. â€Å"BRING† The bell rang and bit by bit the students made their way in at a snails pace; I guess none of them were happy about school starting. But suddenly the most attractive girl I have ever seen came inside the room crowded with a bunch of boys trying to make a move with her. I guess she was probably the girl of the school.We started class a few minutes later and for the whole class I swear I couldn’t lay my eyes off of her until the boy behind me poked me at the back saying â€Å"Don’t even try bro. Every guy wants that gi rl! † With fury I turned around and saw a chubby boy and told him â€Å"What makes you think I won’t get her† and with confidence he said she only goes out with athletic people, making me sound like I’m not athletic. I needed to at least try to get her and to show the boy ‘Brendan† that I am athletic and could get her. But the truth was that I actually wasn’t that athletic.I was always the geek that stayed behind the computer playing games instead of going outside and playing sports. Instead of arguing with Brendan I decide to actually get to be friends with him since I didn’t know anyone else. First and second class passed by and now was lunch time. Brendan and I made our way through the halls to the cafeteria. We both got our lunch and made our way to a table where we could eat. While we ate he told me that the wrestling try outs would be today and that we should both try out since Alex will be there watching. I decide to give i t a go since she was there, and maybe wrestling will the sport I’m good at.I was actually eager to try out because I could probably show off some moves and get Alex attracted to me. For the last two blocks we didn’t really do much; we had both classes as science and all we did was read the safety rules for using the stuff in class. The bell rang and Brendan and I made our way to the gym. We got changed into our shorts and out on some equipment that the coach gave to us. We made our way into the gym; all the people trying out were big and muscular. I took a quick glance at the bleachers and saw Alex setting down with some other girl from our class.I knew I had to shine or it would go all bad. The coach put us into pairs with the same size for opponents. My bad luck struck because I was paired up with this girl that had tried out; I and she were the smallest and shortest people there so that’s why we probably got paired up together. The bad thing was that the coac h actually wanted us to wrestle each other and I didn’t really want to hurt a girl. We were the last ones to wrestle, so we both made our way to the matt and as soon as the coach said go, that girl attacked me and took me right down to the floor.Brendan helped me up and all I heard and saw was everyone laughing at me including Alex. I was pretty embarrassed. We all went back to the locker room to change back to leave. Everyone was making fun of me so I got myself out of there as soon as possible. I put on my jacket and opened the door to start walking back home. Instead of taking the shortcut I took the actual way through the street. As I was walking down the street across the school I saw Alex standing outside of the bank line with her mom. I thought the best thing to do was to change my way but instead I decided to be a man and pass her.I was around a foot away for her and suddenly a group of man came outside of the bank. They all had black masks with some sort of sweater s aying ‘BAD BOYS† on it with each of them wearing baggy ripped jeans. I guess they were robbing the bank or something because one the guys started to terrorise the people outside including me to not call the police. Then one of the guys opened some shots from his pistol in to the crowd and the only thing that popped into my mind was to jump in front of Alex to save her from a bullet; maybe instead of liking an athletic person she could like a hero that saved her life.I wasn’t really expecting the bullet to come her way but my bad luck it actually was going to hit her, so I lurched my self in front of her and got hit by the bullet. I was expecting my self to be in wounded by the bullet but instead I found my self in the hospital lying on the bed with my brother and mom beside me on the bed. I didn’t know exactly what was happening and exactly why I wasn’t dead or anything from the bullet. I asked my mom sitting beside me if they took the bullet out of me but she was more confused then ever before.So I asked her why I was in the hospital and she told me, when me and my brother took the shortcut in the morning on the way to school I fell down and hit my head on sharp piece of ice which got me unconscious. So all that just had happened to me was all a dream I guess. I’m just happy that all I went through in my dream wasn’t real because I would never want that to happen to me. And the best thing of all was that I got to miss the first day of school!